Android tutorial or android development
tutorial covers basic and advanced concepts of android technology. Our android
tutorial is developed for beginners and professionals. Android is a complete set of software for mobile devices such
as tablet computers, notebooks, smartphones, electronic book readers, set-top
boxes etc. get trained by experts from Android training with live project and implementation.
It contains a Linux-based Operating System, middleware and key
mobile applications.
It can be thought of as a mobile operating
system. But it is not limited to mobile only. It is currently used in various
devices such as mobiles, tablets, televisions etc.
Android Architecture
Android operating system is a stack of
software components which is roughly divided into five sections and four main
layers as shown below in the architecture diagram.
Linux kernel
At the bottom of the layers is Linux -
Linux 3.6 with approximately 115 patches. This provides a level of abstraction
between the device hardware and it contains all the essential hardware drivers
like camera, keypad, display etc. Also, the kernel handles all the things that
Linux is really good at such as networking and a vast array of device drivers,
which take the pain out of interfacing to peripheral hardware. Learn Linux training from Learn IT Training.
Libraries
On top of Linux kernel there is a set of
libraries including open-source Web browser engine WebKit, well known library
libc, SQLite database which is a useful repository for storage and sharing of
application data, libraries to play and record audio and video, SSL libraries
responsible for Internet security etc.
Android
libraries
This category encompasses those Java-based
libraries that are specific to Android development. Examples of libraries in
this category include the application framework libraries in addition to those
that facilitate user interface building, graphics drawing and database access.
A summary of some key core Android libraries available to the Android developer
is as follows:
Android.app: Provides access to the application model
and is the cornerstone of all Android applications.
Android.content: Facilitates content access, publishing
and messaging between applications and application components.
Android.database: Used to access data published by content
providers and includes SQLite database management classes.
Android.opengl: A Java interface to the OpenGL ES 3D
graphics rendering API.
Android.os: Provides applications with access to standard operating
system services including messages, system services and inter-process
communication.
Android.text: Used to render and manipulate text on a
device display.
Android.view: The fundamental building
blocks of application user interfaces.
Android.widget: A rich collection of pre-built user
interface components such as buttons, labels, list views, layout managers,
radio buttons etc.
Having covered the Java-based core
libraries (learn programming skills from JAVA training) in the Android runtime, it is now time to turn our attention to
the C/C++ based libraries contained in this layer of the Android software
stack.
Android
Runtime
This is the third section of the
architecture and available on the second layer from the bottom. This section
provides a key component called Dalvik
Virtual Machine which is a kind of Java Virtual Machine specially
designed and optimized for Android.
The Dalvik VM makes use of Linux core
features like memory management and multi-threading, which is intrinsic in the
Java language. The Dalvik VM enables every Android application to run in its
own process, with its own instance of the Dalvik virtual machine.
The Android runtime also provides a set of
core libraries which enable Android application developers to write Android
applications using standard Java programming language.
Application
Framework
The Application Framework layer provides
many higher-level services to applications in the form of Java classes.
Application developers are allowed to make use of these services in their
applications.
The Android framework includes the
following key services:
Activity Manager − Controls all aspects of the
application lifecycle and activity stack.
Content Providers − Allows applications to publish and
share data with other applications.
Resource Manager − Provides access to non-code
embedded resources such as strings, color settings and user interface layouts.
Notifications Manager − Allows applications to display
alerts and notifications to the user.
View System − An extensible set of views used to
create application user interfaces.
Applications
You will find all the Android application
at the top layer. You will write your application to be installed on this layer
only. Examples of such applications are Contacts Books, Browser, and Games etc.
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